Thursday, December 26, 2019
An Effective Example Of Technical Communication - 980 Words
For the source, which is Duolingo.com, a website for audience to learn new language. I think it is an effective example of technical communication. The target audience of this source is the people who wants to try to learn new language they never tried before. And this source is a user-friendly website. The content of this source is very academic, in this source, it uses proper pictures for audience to remember new words in the beginning, when the audience going to higher level, it shows some profession articles for audience to improve their abilities of reading. During the learning section, it has two options for audience, one is ââ¬Ëbasic 1ââ¬â¢, which means start from the easiest level. The other one is ââ¬Ëplacement testââ¬â¢, which means you can take a placement test and the source will decide which level you are depends on your test scores. For this source which my partner choose, I have some same perspectives about the sourceââ¬â¢s features with my partners. Expectations of the source First of all, my partner and I are both consider this source provides accurate information to audience. As a learning website, it has a responsibilities to give audience correct knowledge which should not confuse audience while they are learning. According to it provides 27 languages around the world, it must have a very professional group to work on each language to make sure less mistake. Secondly, the audience can play games to improve their memories of the new language. When the audience give aShow MoreRelatedHow to Overcome Barriers in Communication722 Words à |à 3 Pagesdiscuss and resolve the possible barriers in effective communication. It will include different ways in which to overcome the threats that pursue an important discussion, debate or conversation. This report can be useful for people writing reports on effective communication in and around their business or company. Potential Barrier in communication (Cultural Differences) Cultural differences can cause many problems in an effective discussion, for example: If two people are trying to have a discussionRead MoreDescribe the Three Management Skills as Mentioned by Robert Katz678 Words à |à 3 PagesThe three management skills that mentioned by Robert Katz are conceptual, interpersonal and technical skills. In order to be a successful manager, containing these three skills will give him a strong impact to his career and also the success of the organization. Conceptual skills are skills that utilize the ability of a human to form concepts. Such skills include thinking creatively, formulating abstractions, analyzing complex situations, and solving problems. A manager have such ability can understandRead MoreThe Importance Of Technical Communication993 Words à |à 4 PagesWhat is Technical Communications? Technical communication is how information is exchanged to help people interact with technology in order to solve complex problems. This kind of communication is important because to properly use and understand technology, the information needs to be portrayed accurately and in an easy to use manner. Technical communication can be used to explain the benefits and risks of a specific medical task or to show someone how to build something, just to name a few. In anyRead MoreThe Importance Of A Socio Technical System1403 Words à |à 6 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance of a socio-technical system (STS) to the overall growth of the organization. In this case an examination of the ALCAN organization. This company is a global enterprise which has over 68,000 employees, and operating facilities in 61 countries. The organization take in over 23 billion US dollars in 2006 from its four major business groups (Primary Metal, Engineered Products, Packaging and Bauxite Alumina-Dube, Bernier, Read MoreProject Management Life Cycle1720 Words à |à 7 Pagesadaptable for all types of projects and for all types of system developers and product groups. Additionally, different system development techniques will sometimes require different sets of rules for managing the resulting development activities. For example, a standalone- PC application product requires less detailed management control than a workstation product integrating other applications and running in a large networked environment. It is important to note that the PMLC and Product Development LifeRead MoreCustomer Experience At The Local Branches952 Words à |à 4 Pagesupdating customers banking statement. For example, local business payroll account can be stored and processed via electronically since most transactions is done electronically or manual cash deposits. The data warehouse that located in the main branch can process more efficiently if a highly experienced data processor is used to alleviate the database of data communication processes. Using a secure carrier network is the best method for good communication, while processing data between servers andRead MoreThe Effects of Noise on a Communication System1494 Words à |à 6 PagesCommunication is the process of sharing ideas, information and messages with others in a particular time and place. It includes writing and talking, as well as nonverbal communication (such as facial expressions, body language, or gestures), visual communication (the use of i mages or pictures, such as paintings, photography, video, or film), and electronic communication (telephone calls, electronic mail, digital television, or satellite broadcasts). Communication is a vital part of personal lifeRead MoreEfficiency and Effectiveness in Management1544 Words à |à 7 Pagesplays an essential role in achieving the required outcomes. The manager must hold a set of managerial skills to optimise the effectiveness and efficiency of the enterprise using the available resources but also on an individual level by being an effective manager. General management includes planning, organising, executing and controlling the operations of an active enterprise. 2. Efficiency Effectiveness In everyday life, effectiveness and efficiency can be considered to be very similar termsRead MoreDelivering Business Value with IT at Hefty Hardware1000 Words à |à 4 Pages Delivering Business Value with IT at Hefty Hardware The case study of Hefty Hardware shows a typical lack of inter-department communication, among company main business units and the IT department. Managers and stakeholders are unable to estimate the value that IT department brings to company business, and tend to neglect or debase it; the IT team, on the other hand, fails to communicate their milestones, technological difficulties and incompatibilities when implementing new projects and otherRead MoreThe Project Goal And Project Related Stakeholders Influence1476 Words à |à 6 Pages(1998) Technical expertise Project manager use various methodology to make the project success. They are responsible for managing, planning, budgeting and dividing task for the project member, beside these technical expertise is also one of the important skill of a project manager (Gillard, 2009). According to this author when project team are combine to run a project, most of the time management give priority to the manager who are good in the technical expertise. A primary example is project
Wednesday, December 18, 2019
The Future of Renewable Energy and RE Policy Mechanisms
Albert Einstein, the famed physicist, once noted that ââ¬Å"We canââ¬â¢t solve our problems with the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.â⬠Todayââ¬â¢s world is faced with the dual threats of climate problems brought on by the use of fossil fuels and the economic challenge caused by the increasing scarcity and demand for those fossil fuels. It is time for society to look beyond the limited and dirty fossil fuels as the energy of choice and promote the use of the abundant renewable energy sources we are endowed with. Because the subsidies to wind and other alternative energies ultimately generate more income than their initial costs and because we continue to subsidize fossil fuels, we should modify governmental tax policy to incentivizeâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦manufacturing jobs, even in the depths of the recession, â⬠¦ with over 400 American manufacturing plants now producing â⬠¦ all the major turbine components, towers, and bladesâ⬠( awea.org). Investments, stimulated by the PTC, have catalyzed advancements in wind technology, lowering the cost of wind energy installations by 90% since 1990 (Passero 132). With the use of PTC, wind has proven its competitive position relative to traditional fossil fuels and ââ¬Å"provided 26% of all new U.S. electric capacity in 2010 â⬠¦ and over the past four years â⬠¦ more than 35% of all new U.S. electric capacityâ⬠(awea.org). With such dramatic growth, is the PTC still necessary? In order for renewable energies to compete with the established fossil fuels, the playing field must be level. ââ¬Å"The Congressional Research Service notes that fossil fuel subsidies are â⬠¦ as old as fossil fuels â⬠¦ and for more than 90 years have taken subsidies via generous tax breaksâ⬠(awea.org). One recent attempt to analyze subsidies on all levels pegged ââ¬Å"2006 federal fiscal subsidies for energy at nearly $75 billion, with over 85% of those subsidies g oing to fossil fuels ($49 billion), nuclear energy ($9 billion), and ethanol ($6 billion). The remaining $10 billion in federal subsidies were split between the broad array of renewable energies with wind receiving 3.4%, solar 2.8%, and hydroelectric 2.2%.â⬠The massive subsidies to fossil fuels originate primarily fromShow MoreRelatedTypes Of Re Policies On The Growth Of Renewable Energy Sources And Technologies1710 Words à |à 7 PagesChapter 3- Comparison of RE policies This chapter will examine the available literature on policies used to encourage the growth of renewable energy sources and technologies. A wide variety of policies have been introduced around the world with differing levels of success. This chapter will look at some of them and discuss whether Scotland should adopt, intensify or even abandon each one. Research and Development support Although the majority of research and development funding is generallyRead MoreEvolution Of The Uk Energy Policy1500 Words à |à 6 PagesName: Egbo, Kingsley O. Student No: 150432009 SPG8009 Assessment. The Evolution of the UK Energy Policy The UK government had made concerted efforts over the years in developing a definite course of action for the Renewable energy industry in the UK in light of changing conditions of the industry. This was done in order to guide and determine the conditions of engagement while proposing future directions and decisions. The intentions of these high level overall plans were to provide clear goalsRead MoreEvaluation Of A Projects Sustainability1352 Words à |à 6 Pagesavailable; b. CREIA (The Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association) does not receive any direct subsidies from the UNDP/GEF Project and will not be economically sustainable after 5 years because of low income generating capacity; c. The implementing capacity of national organizations is weak and the responsibility for the implementation of multiple outputs simultaneously is unclear and inefficient; d. China will not adopt Mandatory Market Share mechanism for renewable energy in guise of quota systemRead MoreExamples Of Environmental Policy1326 Words à |à 6 PagesPolicy Brief The future appears in dark after Trumpââ¬â¢s presidency. With numerous allegations with the presidentââ¬â¢s election, periodic recessions, and a massive drop in soft power at global stage, the world could be encountering an unstable multipolar international system. With the recent catastrophic drainage of fossil fuel, the world desires a new source to fuel their countries, as oil has been the backbone of economy for many years for nations. This policy brief contains a recommendation to establishRead MoreCarbon Dioxide Emissions in Australia and Climate Change1375 Words à |à 5 PagesMarket-based policies are a proven way to limit carbon pollution and channel capital and innovation into clean energy, helping to avert the catastrophic consequences of climate changeâ⬠- EDF vice president for international climate, Nathaniel Keohan Introduction In a contemporary political setting, it is now broadly recognized that over the 20th century, the atmospheric concentrations of key greenhouse gases, particularly Carbon Dioxide have been amplified by human activity. Australia can be heldRead MoreThe Global Energy System Of Ghana2129 Words à |à 9 PagesOverview Energy, most often is regarded as a catalyst for development at all levels of habitation; Global, national and local. In rural areas predominantly in developing countries, energy application is seen majority in household use as well as certain agricultural activities and the running of small scale enterprises. ââ¬Å"Africaââ¬â¢s energy sector is vital to its future development and yet remains one of the most poorly understood areas within the global energy systemâ⬠(IEA, 2014). Ghana is often consideredRead MoreEssay On Carbon Credit1630 Words à |à 7 Pagesusually bought and sold at international market. The Multi- Commodity Exchange of India (MCX) will soon become the third exchange in the world to trade Carbon Credits. developed countries can also provide clean electricity by introducing latest renewable technologies in the form of solar, wind to developing countries and get Carbon Credits in return. There are no complex procedures for this system which increases the system stable and more successful. Asian countries like India, China are biggestRead MoreThe Renewable Energy Technology Innovation Essay2267 Words à |à 10 Pageshumans have inflicted on earth: renewable energies. This paper will discuss the renewable energy technology innovation required to mitigate climate c hange. There are five main areas of renewable energy I discuss in this paper. In the first section discusses the potential for renewable energy technology. The second section outlines some of the main scenarios that illustrate future use of energy. The third section explores the economic potential of renewable energy. The last two sections compare theRead MoreThe Indian Solar Pv Market10243 Words à |à 41 Pagesat rates lower than those offered by domestic banks. Coupled with the falling cost of solar modules, this low-cost financing strengthened the industry by contributing to an impressive drop in the cost of solar energy even as new capacity was added. The viability gap funding (VGF) mechanism employed in the first batch of NSM Phase 2 projects in 2014 allows developers to bid for additional upfront capital required to make the project financially viable at a tariff of Rs 5.45/ kWh. Utilizing a reverseRead MoreModern Lifestyle Is Completely Dependent On Reliable Energy Supply2116 Words à |à 9 PagesModern lifestyle is completely dependent on reliable energy supply. We cannot imagine world, its further development and constant economic growth without security of energy supply. But new reserves of fossil fuels are becoming more difficult to find, what makes energy industry to invest in and use unconventional resources such as shale gas and oil sands. Prices of oil, gas and energy itself will get higher but the demand of energy does not seem to decrease. What is more, the European Union hence
Tuesday, December 10, 2019
Church Essay Example For Students
Church Essay In the year 1305 the Roman Catholic Church was relocated from Rome to France. With this the power of the papal states was divided among the regions leading families. Starting near the year 1300 the demand for reform began to grow at a rapid pace. By the 1600s close to half of the practicing Catholics in western Europe had left the Church to join one of the new reformer religious groups. This reform brought about new ways of thought and new attitudes towards religion and the human race. The young German scholar realized that the way to salvation was justification by faith. Martin Luthers beliefs were deemed to be heretic in nature and he was hidden away by a German The word Renaissance means a rebirth. This is exactly what happened after the Crusades and split of the Roman Catholic church. A rebirth of ideas was their outcome. The most drastic change took place in art. New perspectives were created by such people as Giotto, Tommaso Masaccio, and Filippo Brunelleschi. With these new perspectives came a new age of art within the Renaissance. Many new painters learned about using shades of light and dark to create the illusion of depth, along with new techniques to make paintings more The Renaissance was truly the rebirth of lost ideas along with the birth of new ideas. The Split of the Church and the eight Crusades to recapture Jerusalem are two of the many reasons for the birth of the Renaissance, yet both are important to the birth of the Renaissance. Without the Crusades, which brought back lost works from the Roman Empire and opened trade with the far east, and the split of the Roman Catholic Church, which brought about the reformation of the church, there wouldnt have been enough of a basis for the Renaissance The Renaissance was a period of European history, considered by modern scholars as that between 1300 and 1600. Many dramatic changes happend during the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a period of new inventions and beliefs.The Renaissance was drastically different from the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages the church held most of the power and its economy was agriculturaly based. Exploration and learning was almost put to a stop. During the Renaissance society was transformed into a society increasingly dominated by central political institutions with an urban commercial attitude. Also, peoples curiosity overcame thier fear and many people started to venture out and explore. New schools and colleges became more and more common.The Renaissance was started by many rich Italian cities, such as Florence, Ferrara, Milan ,and Venice. Because these cities were very wealthy, many merchants started to spend money on different things, such as painting, learning, new banking techniques, and new systems of government. These things gave rise to a new type of scholar, the humanist. Humanism was subjects concerned with humankind and culture. They stutied various things such as Latin, Greek language, literature and philosophy. Music and mathmatics were also studied as well.The Renaissance gave way to new forms of painting , art and sculpture. During the Renaissance, artist were no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they had been to the medieval past, but for the first time emerged as independent personalities, compared to poets and writers. Many artisans merged mathmatics with art , in order to become more precise in their measurements and to make sure an object was supported both rationally and porportionally. As a result painters tried and often suceeded into making their painting a window into the world. Artists also studied the way light hits objects and the way our eyes percieve light. .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 , .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .postImageUrl , .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 , .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:hover , .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:visited , .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:active { border:0!important; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:active , .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The GPS Technology Sample Essay A new kind of paint called oil paint was used. This allowed the artist to create texture , mix colors, and allow more time for corrections before it dried.The printing press was probaly the most important advance in technology.Europeans first used movable metal type to print a book. On small pieces of metal they engraved single letters of the alphabet. These could then be arranged and rearranged to form words and sentences. Johan Gutenberg is usually given credit for the first book printed, a copy of the Bible. By the 1500s printing presses where fairly well spread. The printing press had many effects on the world. First of all, it made books much easier to come by, wich made them cheaper. That ment common people could afford them. As a result literacy became more widespread, in contrast to the Middle Ages where usually monks and church officials were the only able to read. Second, since many more people were able to read, they wanted to read subjects other than religious or scientific work. So books on other subjects were published as well. Also many books were published in languages other than Latin, such as English, Portugeese, Spanish, French, and Italian. A third effect was that scholars had better access to one anothers work. They could also read the great works of the ancient and medieval periods.The Renaissance also had an effect on the general society. Many people became interested in politics. Also, people became interested in the world outside of thier towns. Many became explorers, merchants, and mapmakers. Religion especially changed during the Renaissance. In the Middle ages people were primarily concerned with serving the church and getting to heaven. But the increase in arts and education gave people something to look forward to, and a life worth living. So inturn, people based thier lives around various other things instead of the church. Because of the increase in literacy people learned that the Catholic Church only told the populus what they wanted them to hear. This caused many people to break away from the churh and form Protestant religions.The Renaissance produced many great minds. Leonardo da Vinci was one of these. Although he was not regarded as a genious in his time. He had numerous works of art such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. He also is now regarded as a great inventor. He is credited for coming up with the idea of the helicopter. He dissected corpses to learn more about human anatomy. Another great man was a German monk, Martin Luther. He taught Biblical studies at the University of Wittenberg. Luthers beliefs challenged the church although many people agreed with his ideas. He was eventually excommunicated from the chuch and he started Protestantism.In conclusion, the Renaissance was a time of new awakening in Euroupe. It include the general loss of power by the church, an increase in literacy and education, and an exploration period.Bibliography:
Monday, December 2, 2019
Religious Pluralism vs. Religious Exclusivism an Example by
Religious Pluralism vs. Religious Exclusivism Abstract This paper discusses the view of John Hick on religious pluralism and the arguments presented by Albert Plantinga in support of religious exclusivism. Firstly, it explains in brief the idea of Hick regarding religious pluralism. Secondly, it presents the arguments presented by Plantinga on religious exclusivism, and thirdly, it contrasts the views of the two authors and presents some example situations to explain the conflicting views. Finally, the conclusion presents the view of the author of this paper regarding the arguments presented by Hick and Plantinga. Religious Pluralism vs. Religious Exclusivism Need essay sample on "Religious Pluralism vs. Religious Exclusivism" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed : I'm don't want to write my essay online. I want to spend time with my boyfriend Essay writer professionals suggest: Multitasking Essay Helper In his essay on religious pluralism, John Hick presents the view that different religions have various practices based on peoples ethnical and cultural beliefs of the divine. In the beginning of his essay, he identifies man as a religious animal, that humans are predisposed to having a religion or a belief in the divine. This also means that religion has evolved with man, and it continuously changes as man evolves. The earliest existence of religion or belief in the divine can be traced in Mesopotamia and India. It is said that early Indian deities recognized natural forces as destructive and cruel, but at the same time, beneficial to mankind. Early primitive beliefs recognized forces in nature as greater than man, from which transcended the idea of the divine God who is all-powerful and all-knowing. A certain disparity is established by the author among religions. In particular, in India, the concept of the divine is more associated with a female god which is in contrast with the herdsmen in the Near East who perceived God to be male. It was in 800 B.C. when personal experience of God through the early prophets such as Amos, Isaiah, etc. was revealed. Finally, evidence of God whom early people worshipped became more evident with the voice of God speaking to the prophets through their dreams. Later on, as if for a certain divine purpose, the world came to recognize the different religions, e.g., Confucianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, etc. The people in these religions, as Hick recognizes, have various personal experiences that are affected by cultural and ethnical elements. These experiences of the divine are bound by ones culture and geographical location. For instance, there is Confucianism to the Chinese, Christianity to Europeans and Americans, and Buddhism to East Asians. Although these religious beliefs vary from one religion to another, the idea of the divine power is nonetheless the same, thus they all lead to one God. A Christian who believes in Christ sees God as his Creator and Savior; in the same way, a Muslim believes that Allah will rescue him from harm. Moreover, Hick explains that each persons response to the divine vary only from ones cultural experience. Thus, Hinduism embodies the response of the Indians, and Islam represents that of the Arabs. Although these responses vary from one culture to another, there are certain truths about God that people from every religion share (e.g., God created the wo rld and mankind). On the question whether any one of these religions is ultimately true or real, Hick reasons out that God himself is infinite, so is our belief in Him. God is so powerful and there are no boundaries for explanation on the idea of God. In as much as God is infinite, so does each persons encounter with Him. Additionally, Hick views that although there are differences in the religions due to cultural differences, gradually, these religions will grow closer together, that is, they will not necessarily become one as if people will be converted to a specific religion, but these religions will later have a certain degree of osmosis or harmony with each other. In contrast to the belief of religious pluralism, Albert Plantinga presents the view of religious exclusivism. Plantinga retorts that religious exclusivism holds the idea that the tenets of ones religion are true. In the most part of his essay, Plantinga defends exclusivism against moral and intellectual issues raised against it. According to his opponents, religious exclusivism is irrational, egotistical, elitist, manifestation of harmful pride, oppressive, and imperialistic. For Plantinga, exclusivists must not be accused of these because there is nothing immoral in believing that what others believe is false and your own belief is the only thing true. He justifies that by believing in what your religion teaches you, are only taking your stand as those who believe they are right. Moreover, if we are to interpret, he means that by sticking with what one believes in, one is not necessarily stepping on the moral rights of others. Additionally, in his essay, Plantinga attacks pluralists for not having a stand on certain things or not being able to discern what to believe in. In other sense, there are those who neither believe in something nor denounce it. For example, there are people who cannot take a stand on moral issues such as abortion. They will not say it is immoral nor will they say it moral. They simply cannot take a stand. That is why they are lost in accepting all religious possibilities. To illustrate his point further, Plantinga cites Aristotles rationality of manthat man is a rational animaltherefore he possesses reason and he is capable to arrive at a logical reasoning. In this sense, pluralists are attacked for not knowing the truth about their religion and not taking a stand regarding the truth. This sense of knowing the truth is related to the notion of deontological sense. It states that man has a duty or obligation in whatever he believes. He has a duty to infer if those beliefs are true or not, therefore an exclusivist should be able to verify if his beliefs are absolute truths before he believes in them. Plantinga further illustrates the notion of Zweckrationalist by Weber, which suggests valuing our motives based on our end goal. This means that our actions are governed by our end motif, thus we should make sure that what we do is in congruence with what we believe in. Moreover, Plantinga identifies a way on how we should evaluate our beliefs based on coherence with other beliefs and with beliefs when all false beliefs have been extracted so as to find out why others do not believe what I do. This way, he says that we will arrive at the logical reasoning of what we believe in. Furthermore, he illustrates that even if one is born of Christian parents and naturally becomes a Christian at birth, s/he has the obligation to find out if the beliefs s/he is brought up with are true. In the same way, even though a person is born in a nation where there are no pluralists, there is still a possibility that he can be a pluralist. The same is true with exclusivists. At the end, he suggests that although pluralists have a tendency to know and accept all possibilities in religions, it could serve as an advantage if the pluralist would try to discern from the ideas gathered which is true and which is false. The argument between the notions of religious pluralism and religious exclusivism calls to mind the argument between moral relativists and absolutists, whereas the pluralists share the opinion of the moral relativists and the absolutists for the exclusivists. Being a pluralist, Hick similarly presents a moral relativists view that there can be no right or wrong in religions, that each religion is right in one sense, based on the cultural boundaries where it is practiced. He is telling us that although there are some differences in religious beliefs, due to geographical and cultural reasons, there are also certain truths which these religions share. The important idea presented by Hick is that all religions, whether Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam, Christianity, etc. accept the notion of God and the divine power over mankind. In application, we may say that Hick presents a uniting idea of all religions as opposed to Plantingas view of hailing ones religion and proclaiming it as true and others as false. In connection with this, we may say that what Hick is presenting is a modern view of religion wherein one can acknowledge the other and exist with it even though he does not believe in it. For instance, a Buddhist wife could live harmoniously with a Christian husband although both do not share each ones beliefs. Similarly, if we apply this in government, an Islam country can accept assistance from a Christian nation without compromising its religious belief. This way, we will create a nation of peace and harmony. However, for exclusivists like Plantinga, such belief is not acceptable if one is to consider the faculties of man for sound reasoning. He presents a view that is close to that of absolutists that each individual must discern what is true and what is falsenothing in between, nothing relative. He passes on to us the obligation to verify if what we believe in is true, based on logical reasoning and end result. Conclusion Having examined the views of Hick and Plantinga, we should consider whose view we should affirm or denounce, but all the more it would be good to assess what could have aroused these arguments in religion. Since religion is our topic here, let us consider, why do we need to stick to certain beliefs? Why do we need the concept of the divine in our lives? Is it not because of salvation? Are Hick and Plantinga not arguing just because of the question of who would be saved and not? Is not the belief in God or religion predominantly concerned with the idea of salvation? Therefore, it is good to ask, who will be saved? Is it the Christians, the Muslims, or the Jews? For pluralists like Hick, everyone is entitled to salvation. No specific religion could say that it is the only way to salvation. However, for exclusivists like Plantinga, the only way to salvation is the religion that has found the truth. All else that negates the said religion will not lead people to salvation. Although these two authors present differing views of religion, there is something common between them. Both are concerned with harmony. For Hick, harmony can be found by accepting others beliefs, while for Plantinga, it is believing in only one truth. References Plantinga, Alvin Carl. (Year). A Defense of Religious Exclusivism. In Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology. (pp. 516-529). Place of Publication: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Hick, John. (Year). Religious Pluralism and Ultimate Reality. In Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology. (pp. 509-516). Place of Publication: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
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