An Effective Example Of Technical Communication - 980 Words

For the source, which is Duolingo.com, a website for audience to learn new language. I think it is an effective example of technical communication. The target audience of this source is the people who wants to try to learn new language they never tried before. And this source is a user-friendly website. The content of this source is very academic, in this source, it uses proper pictures for audience to remember new words in the beginning, when the audience going to higher level, it shows some profession articles for audience to improve their abilities of reading. During the learning section, it has two options for audience, one is ‘basic 1’, which means start from the easiest level. The other one is ‘placement test’, which means you can take a placement test and the source will decide which level you are depends on your test scores. For this source which my partner choose, I have some same perspectives about the source’s features with my partners. Expectations of the source First of all, my partner and I are both consider this source provides accurate information to audience. As a learning website, it has a responsibilities to give audience correct knowledge which should not confuse audience while they are learning. According to it provides 27 languages around the world, it must have a very professional group to work on each language to make sure less mistake. Secondly, the audience can play games to improve their memories of the new language. When the audience give aShow MoreRelatedHow to Overcome Barriers in Communication722 Words   |  3 Pagesdiscuss and resolve the possible barriers in effective communication. It will include different ways in which to overcome the threats that pursue an important discussion, debate or conversation. This report can be useful for people writing reports on effective communication in and around their business or company. 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The Future of Renewable Energy and RE Policy Mechanisms

Albert Einstein, the famed physicist, once noted that â€Å"We can’t solve our problems with the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.† Today’s world is faced with the dual threats of climate problems brought on by the use of fossil fuels and the economic challenge caused by the increasing scarcity and demand for those fossil fuels. It is time for society to look beyond the limited and dirty fossil fuels as the energy of choice and promote the use of the abundant renewable energy sources we are endowed with. Because the subsidies to wind and other alternative energies ultimately generate more income than their initial costs and because we continue to subsidize fossil fuels, we should modify governmental tax policy to incentivize†¦show more content†¦manufacturing jobs, even in the depths of the recession, †¦ with over 400 American manufacturing plants now producing †¦ all the major turbine components, towers, and blades† ( awea.org). Investments, stimulated by the PTC, have catalyzed advancements in wind technology, lowering the cost of wind energy installations by 90% since 1990 (Passero 132). With the use of PTC, wind has proven its competitive position relative to traditional fossil fuels and â€Å"provided 26% of all new U.S. electric capacity in 2010 †¦ and over the past four years †¦ more than 35% of all new U.S. electric capacity† (awea.org). With such dramatic growth, is the PTC still necessary? In order for renewable energies to compete with the established fossil fuels, the playing field must be level. â€Å"The Congressional Research Service notes that fossil fuel subsidies are †¦ as old as fossil fuels †¦ and for more than 90 years have taken subsidies via generous tax breaks† (awea.org). One recent attempt to analyze subsidies on all levels pegged â€Å"2006 federal fiscal subsidies for energy at nearly $75 billion, with over 85% of those subsidies g oing to fossil fuels ($49 billion), nuclear energy ($9 billion), and ethanol ($6 billion). The remaining $10 billion in federal subsidies were split between the broad array of renewable energies with wind receiving 3.4%, solar 2.8%, and hydroelectric 2.2%.† The massive subsidies to fossil fuels originate primarily fromShow MoreRelatedTypes Of Re Policies On The Growth Of Renewable Energy Sources And Technologies1710 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 3- Comparison of RE policies This chapter will examine the available literature on policies used to encourage the growth of renewable energy sources and technologies. A wide variety of policies have been introduced around the world with differing levels of success. This chapter will look at some of them and discuss whether Scotland should adopt, intensify or even abandon each one. Research and Development support Although the majority of research and development funding is generallyRead MoreEvolution Of The Uk Energy Policy1500 Words   |  6 PagesName: Egbo, Kingsley O. Student No: 150432009 SPG8009 Assessment. The Evolution of the UK Energy Policy The UK government had made concerted efforts over the years in developing a definite course of action for the Renewable energy industry in the UK in light of changing conditions of the industry. This was done in order to guide and determine the conditions of engagement while proposing future directions and decisions. The intentions of these high level overall plans were to provide clear goalsRead MoreEvaluation Of A Projects Sustainability1352 Words   |  6 Pagesavailable; b. CREIA (The Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association) does not receive any direct subsidies from the UNDP/GEF Project and will not be economically sustainable after 5 years because of low income generating capacity; c. 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This policy brief contains a recommendation to establishRead MoreCarbon Dioxide Emissions in Australia and Climate Change1375 Words   |  5 PagesMarket-based policies are a proven way to limit carbon pollution and channel capital and innovation into clean energy, helping to avert the catastrophic consequences of climate change† - EDF vice president for international climate, Nathaniel Keohan Introduction In a contemporary political setting, it is now broadly recognized that over the 20th century, the atmospheric concentrations of key greenhouse gases, particularly Carbon Dioxide have been amplified by human activity. Australia can be heldRead MoreThe Global Energy System Of Ghana2129 Words   |  9 PagesOverview Energy, most often is regarded as a catalyst for development at all levels of habitation; Global, national and local. In rural areas predominantly in developing countries, energy application is seen majority in household use as well as certain agricultural activities and the running of small scale enterprises. â€Å"Africa’s energy sector is vital to its future development and yet remains one of the most poorly understood areas within the global energy system† (IEA, 2014). Ghana is often consideredRead MoreEssay On Carbon Credit1630 Words   |  7 Pagesusually bought and sold at international market. The Multi- Commodity Exchange of India (MCX) will soon become the third exchange in the world to trade Carbon Credits. developed countries can also provide clean electricity by introducing latest renewable technologies in the form of solar, wind to developing countries and get Carbon Credits in return. There are no complex procedures for this system which increases the system stable and more successful. Asian countries like India, China are biggestRead MoreThe Renewable Energy Technology Innovation Essay2267 Words   |  10 Pageshumans have inflicted on earth: renewable energies. This paper will discuss the renewable energy technology innovation required to mitigate climate c hange. There are five main areas of renewable energy I discuss in this paper. In the first section discusses the potential for renewable energy technology. The second section outlines some of the main scenarios that illustrate future use of energy. The third section explores the economic potential of renewable energy. The last two sections compare theRead MoreThe Indian Solar Pv Market10243 Words   |  41 Pagesat rates lower than those offered by domestic banks. Coupled with the falling cost of solar modules, this low-cost financing strengthened the industry by contributing to an impressive drop in the cost of solar energy even as new capacity was added. The viability gap funding (VGF) mechanism employed in the first batch of NSM Phase 2 projects in 2014 allows developers to bid for additional upfront capital required to make the project financially viable at a tariff of Rs 5.45/ kWh. Utilizing a reverseRead MoreModern Lifestyle Is Completely Dependent On Reliable Energy Supply2116 Words   |  9 PagesModern lifestyle is completely dependent on reliable energy supply. We cannot imagine world, its further development and constant economic growth without security of energy supply. But new reserves of fossil fuels are becoming more difficult to find, what makes energy industry to invest in and use unconventional resources such as shale gas and oil sands. Prices of oil, gas and energy itself will get higher but the demand of energy does not seem to decrease. What is more, the European Union hence

Church Essay Example For Students

Church Essay In the year 1305 the Roman Catholic Church was relocated from Rome to France. With this the power of the papal states was divided among the regions leading families. Starting near the year 1300 the demand for reform began to grow at a rapid pace. By the 1600s close to half of the practicing Catholics in western Europe had left the Church to join one of the new reformer religious groups. This reform brought about new ways of thought and new attitudes towards religion and the human race. The young German scholar realized that the way to salvation was justification by faith. Martin Luthers beliefs were deemed to be heretic in nature and he was hidden away by a German The word Renaissance means a rebirth. This is exactly what happened after the Crusades and split of the Roman Catholic church. A rebirth of ideas was their outcome. The most drastic change took place in art. New perspectives were created by such people as Giotto, Tommaso Masaccio, and Filippo Brunelleschi. With these new perspectives came a new age of art within the Renaissance. Many new painters learned about using shades of light and dark to create the illusion of depth, along with new techniques to make paintings more The Renaissance was truly the rebirth of lost ideas along with the birth of new ideas. The Split of the Church and the eight Crusades to recapture Jerusalem are two of the many reasons for the birth of the Renaissance, yet both are important to the birth of the Renaissance. Without the Crusades, which brought back lost works from the Roman Empire and opened trade with the far east, and the split of the Roman Catholic Church, which brought about the reformation of the church, there wouldnt have been enough of a basis for the Renaissance The Renaissance was a period of European history, considered by modern scholars as that between 1300 and 1600. Many dramatic changes happend during the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a period of new inventions and beliefs.The Renaissance was drastically different from the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages the church held most of the power and its economy was agriculturaly based. Exploration and learning was almost put to a stop. During the Renaissance society was transformed into a society increasingly dominated by central political institutions with an urban commercial attitude. Also, peoples curiosity overcame thier fear and many people started to venture out and explore. New schools and colleges became more and more common.The Renaissance was started by many rich Italian cities, such as Florence, Ferrara, Milan ,and Venice. Because these cities were very wealthy, many merchants started to spend money on different things, such as painting, learning, new banking techniques, and new systems of government. These things gave rise to a new type of scholar, the humanist. Humanism was subjects concerned with humankind and culture. They stutied various things such as Latin, Greek language, literature and philosophy. Music and mathmatics were also studied as well.The Renaissance gave way to new forms of painting , art and sculpture. During the Renaissance, artist were no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they had been to the medieval past, but for the first time emerged as independent personalities, compared to poets and writers. Many artisans merged mathmatics with art , in order to become more precise in their measurements and to make sure an object was supported both rationally and porportionally. As a result painters tried and often suceeded into making their painting a window into the world. Artists also studied the way light hits objects and the way our eyes percieve light. .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 , .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .postImageUrl , .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 , .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:hover , .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:visited , .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:active { border:0!important; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:active , .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573 .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc584d5d60bc7e4394b926fe4d1d1a573:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The GPS Technology Sample Essay A new kind of paint called oil paint was used. This allowed the artist to create texture , mix colors, and allow more time for corrections before it dried.The printing press was probaly the most important advance in technology.Europeans first used movable metal type to print a book. On small pieces of metal they engraved single letters of the alphabet. These could then be arranged and rearranged to form words and sentences. Johan Gutenberg is usually given credit for the first book printed, a copy of the Bible. By the 1500s printing presses where fairly well spread. The printing press had many effects on the world. First of all, it made books much easier to come by, wich made them cheaper. That ment common people could afford them. As a result literacy became more widespread, in contrast to the Middle Ages where usually monks and church officials were the only able to read. Second, since many more people were able to read, they wanted to read subjects other than religious or scientific work. So books on other subjects were published as well. Also many books were published in languages other than Latin, such as English, Portugeese, Spanish, French, and Italian. A third effect was that scholars had better access to one anothers work. They could also read the great works of the ancient and medieval periods.The Renaissance also had an effect on the general society. Many people became interested in politics. Also, people became interested in the world outside of thier towns. Many became explorers, merchants, and mapmakers. Religion especially changed during the Renaissance. In the Middle ages people were primarily concerned with serving the church and getting to heaven. But the increase in arts and education gave people something to look forward to, and a life worth living. So inturn, people based thier lives around various other things instead of the church. Because of the increase in literacy people learned that the Catholic Church only told the populus what they wanted them to hear. This caused many people to break away from the churh and form Protestant religions.The Renaissance produced many great minds. Leonardo da Vinci was one of these. Although he was not regarded as a genious in his time. He had numerous works of art such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. He also is now regarded as a great inventor. He is credited for coming up with the idea of the helicopter. He dissected corpses to learn more about human anatomy. Another great man was a German monk, Martin Luther. He taught Biblical studies at the University of Wittenberg. Luthers beliefs challenged the church although many people agreed with his ideas. He was eventually excommunicated from the chuch and he started Protestantism.In conclusion, the Renaissance was a time of new awakening in Euroupe. It include the general loss of power by the church, an increase in literacy and education, and an exploration period.Bibliography:

Religious Pluralism vs. Religious Exclusivism an Example by

Religious Pluralism vs. Religious Exclusivism Abstract This paper discusses the view of John Hick on religious pluralism and the arguments presented by Albert Plantinga in support of religious exclusivism. Firstly, it explains in brief the idea of Hick regarding religious pluralism. Secondly, it presents the arguments presented by Plantinga on religious exclusivism, and thirdly, it contrasts the views of the two authors and presents some example situations to explain the conflicting views. Finally, the conclusion presents the view of the author of this paper regarding the arguments presented by Hick and Plantinga. Religious Pluralism vs. Religious Exclusivism Need essay sample on "Religious Pluralism vs. Religious Exclusivism" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed : I'm don't want to write my essay online. I want to spend time with my boyfriend Essay writer professionals suggest: Multitasking Essay Helper In his essay on religious pluralism, John Hick presents the view that different religions have various practices based on peoples ethnical and cultural beliefs of the divine. In the beginning of his essay, he identifies man as a religious animal, that humans are predisposed to having a religion or a belief in the divine. This also means that religion has evolved with man, and it continuously changes as man evolves. The earliest existence of religion or belief in the divine can be traced in Mesopotamia and India. It is said that early Indian deities recognized natural forces as destructive and cruel, but at the same time, beneficial to mankind. Early primitive beliefs recognized forces in nature as greater than man, from which transcended the idea of the divine God who is all-powerful and all-knowing. A certain disparity is established by the author among religions. In particular, in India, the concept of the divine is more associated with a female god which is in contrast with the herdsmen in the Near East who perceived God to be male. It was in 800 B.C. when personal experience of God through the early prophets such as Amos, Isaiah, etc. was revealed. Finally, evidence of God whom early people worshipped became more evident with the voice of God speaking to the prophets through their dreams. Later on, as if for a certain divine purpose, the world came to recognize the different religions, e.g., Confucianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, etc. The people in these religions, as Hick recognizes, have various personal experiences that are affected by cultural and ethnical elements. These experiences of the divine are bound by ones culture and geographical location. For instance, there is Confucianism to the Chinese, Christianity to Europeans and Americans, and Buddhism to East Asians. Although these religious beliefs vary from one religion to another, the idea of the divine power is nonetheless the same, thus they all lead to one God. A Christian who believes in Christ sees God as his Creator and Savior; in the same way, a Muslim believes that Allah will rescue him from harm. Moreover, Hick explains that each persons response to the divine vary only from ones cultural experience. Thus, Hinduism embodies the response of the Indians, and Islam represents that of the Arabs. Although these responses vary from one culture to another, there are certain truths about God that people from every religion share (e.g., God created the wo rld and mankind). On the question whether any one of these religions is ultimately true or real, Hick reasons out that God himself is infinite, so is our belief in Him. God is so powerful and there are no boundaries for explanation on the idea of God. In as much as God is infinite, so does each persons encounter with Him. Additionally, Hick views that although there are differences in the religions due to cultural differences, gradually, these religions will grow closer together, that is, they will not necessarily become one as if people will be converted to a specific religion, but these religions will later have a certain degree of osmosis or harmony with each other. In contrast to the belief of religious pluralism, Albert Plantinga presents the view of religious exclusivism. Plantinga retorts that religious exclusivism holds the idea that the tenets of ones religion are true. In the most part of his essay, Plantinga defends exclusivism against moral and intellectual issues raised against it. According to his opponents, religious exclusivism is irrational, egotistical, elitist, manifestation of harmful pride, oppressive, and imperialistic. For Plantinga, exclusivists must not be accused of these because there is nothing immoral in believing that what others believe is false and your own belief is the only thing true. He justifies that by believing in what your religion teaches you, are only taking your stand as those who believe they are right. Moreover, if we are to interpret, he means that by sticking with what one believes in, one is not necessarily stepping on the moral rights of others. Additionally, in his essay, Plantinga attacks pluralists for not having a stand on certain things or not being able to discern what to believe in. In other sense, there are those who neither believe in something nor denounce it. For example, there are people who cannot take a stand on moral issues such as abortion. They will not say it is immoral nor will they say it moral. They simply cannot take a stand. That is why they are lost in accepting all religious possibilities. To illustrate his point further, Plantinga cites Aristotles rationality of manthat man is a rational animaltherefore he possesses reason and he is capable to arrive at a logical reasoning. In this sense, pluralists are attacked for not knowing the truth about their religion and not taking a stand regarding the truth. This sense of knowing the truth is related to the notion of deontological sense. It states that man has a duty or obligation in whatever he believes. He has a duty to infer if those beliefs are true or not, therefore an exclusivist should be able to verify if his beliefs are absolute truths before he believes in them. Plantinga further illustrates the notion of Zweckrationalist by Weber, which suggests valuing our motives based on our end goal. This means that our actions are governed by our end motif, thus we should make sure that what we do is in congruence with what we believe in. Moreover, Plantinga identifies a way on how we should evaluate our beliefs based on coherence with other beliefs and with beliefs when all false beliefs have been extracted so as to find out why others do not believe what I do. This way, he says that we will arrive at the logical reasoning of what we believe in. Furthermore, he illustrates that even if one is born of Christian parents and naturally becomes a Christian at birth, s/he has the obligation to find out if the beliefs s/he is brought up with are true. In the same way, even though a person is born in a nation where there are no pluralists, there is still a possibility that he can be a pluralist. The same is true with exclusivists. At the end, he suggests that although pluralists have a tendency to know and accept all possibilities in religions, it could serve as an advantage if the pluralist would try to discern from the ideas gathered which is true and which is false. The argument between the notions of religious pluralism and religious exclusivism calls to mind the argument between moral relativists and absolutists, whereas the pluralists share the opinion of the moral relativists and the absolutists for the exclusivists. Being a pluralist, Hick similarly presents a moral relativists view that there can be no right or wrong in religions, that each religion is right in one sense, based on the cultural boundaries where it is practiced. He is telling us that although there are some differences in religious beliefs, due to geographical and cultural reasons, there are also certain truths which these religions share. The important idea presented by Hick is that all religions, whether Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam, Christianity, etc. accept the notion of God and the divine power over mankind. In application, we may say that Hick presents a uniting idea of all religions as opposed to Plantingas view of hailing ones religion and proclaiming it as true and others as false. In connection with this, we may say that what Hick is presenting is a modern view of religion wherein one can acknowledge the other and exist with it even though he does not believe in it. For instance, a Buddhist wife could live harmoniously with a Christian husband although both do not share each ones beliefs. Similarly, if we apply this in government, an Islam country can accept assistance from a Christian nation without compromising its religious belief. This way, we will create a nation of peace and harmony. However, for exclusivists like Plantinga, such belief is not acceptable if one is to consider the faculties of man for sound reasoning. He presents a view that is close to that of absolutists that each individual must discern what is true and what is falsenothing in between, nothing relative. He passes on to us the obligation to verify if what we believe in is true, based on logical reasoning and end result. Conclusion Having examined the views of Hick and Plantinga, we should consider whose view we should affirm or denounce, but all the more it would be good to assess what could have aroused these arguments in religion. Since religion is our topic here, let us consider, why do we need to stick to certain beliefs? Why do we need the concept of the divine in our lives? Is it not because of salvation? Are Hick and Plantinga not arguing just because of the question of who would be saved and not? Is not the belief in God or religion predominantly concerned with the idea of salvation? Therefore, it is good to ask, who will be saved? Is it the Christians, the Muslims, or the Jews? For pluralists like Hick, everyone is entitled to salvation. No specific religion could say that it is the only way to salvation. However, for exclusivists like Plantinga, the only way to salvation is the religion that has found the truth. All else that negates the said religion will not lead people to salvation. Although these two authors present differing views of religion, there is something common between them. Both are concerned with harmony. For Hick, harmony can be found by accepting others beliefs, while for Plantinga, it is believing in only one truth. References Plantinga, Alvin Carl. (Year). A Defense of Religious Exclusivism. In Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology. (pp. 516-529). Place of Publication: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Hick, John. (Year). Religious Pluralism and Ultimate Reality. In Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology. (pp. 509-516). Place of Publication: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Mariano Escobedo essays

Mariano Escobedo essays Mariano Escobedo was a healthy man he was my Grandparents great great grandparent. He was a Mexican General from Mexico. He wanted to govern Mexico, he fought against dynasty and he won. Escobedo fought against the French Invasion in Mexico to govern Mexico. He became a great general who fought against Napoleon III (French.) In Mexico City airport and in Monterey his name is printed and also in some streets of difference parts of Mexico. Mexico had borrowed money from England, France and Spain. In 1861 representatives from this countries got together in London to find a way to get Mexico to pay this countries. Troops from this three countries went to Veracruz in 1862. They were welcomed from representative from Mexico. The general Juan Prim, from Spain accepted the way Mexico was going to pay little by little so as England. The representative from France is not accepted he wanted the money and ordered his troops to prepare to fight. The government of Benito Juarez organize the defense. He made in charge the general Ignazio Zaragoza to get to Puebla and fight with the French. They attacked each other in the " Fuertes de Loreto y Guadalupe. The troops of Zaragoza, helped from the Indians Zacapoaxtla. In 1862of Mat 5 they won against the French. The emperor from France, Luis Napoleon Bonaparte, wanted to extend his powers in America and in Asia. He dreamed to form a great empire. Mexico took advantage of that situation to peek an European emperor to govern Mexico and to stop the politic anarchy. Luis Napoleon made them recommend Fernando Maximiliano de Habsurgo, brother of the emperor Maximiliano accepted his embarkation to Mexico but with her wife, the princess Carlota Amalia de Belgica. Luis Napoleon send his army to wish napoleon luck. Austria and Belgica also send troops. The emperors arrived to Mexico at the end of 1864. In Veracruz, Puebla were great big welcomes. ...

Should You Become a Truck Driver

Should You Become a Truck Driver Whether you’re contemplating a career change or are in the midst of a trucking program and having second thoughts, Smart-Trucking.com has some helpful advice to help you make your decision! Freedom of the RoadA crucial factor in whether you’ll enjoy trucking is where you’re able to drive- try to sign on with a company that has routes where you want to go! The truckers who blog over at Smart-Trucking still appreciate the scenery and beauty of our landscape. You also enjoy independence- checking in with your dispatcher or a family member may be all the talking you do in a day. And hey, for some, that’s exactly the right amount.Long Haul SkillsWhen you’re on the road for a long haul, there’s pretty much no choice but to develop your driving skills, adapt to weather and other challenging conditions, and get proficient in basic servicing for your vehicle. Maintaining your truck and your own sense of professionalism boost self-respect and can even translate to other career fields down the road.Residential FlexibilityAs long as the place you call home is on your route, you can live wherever you’d like as a trucker. This may be particularly compelling if you love small towns but know there’s not enough work to sustain you there. You won’t have to relocate or worry about your commute because the job is the commute!I hope this perspective helped clarify your stance. Is trucking  the right career for you? Anything you’d do differently, if you had it to do over again?

Medicare Fraud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medicare Fraud - Essay Example As a problem of major concern, Medicare fraud needs a qualitative and quantitative investigation approach. Thus, a mixed method study will effectively evaluate the extent of Medicare fraud and the factors that contribute to Medicare fraud. This draft proposal outlines strategies that can be used to evaluate the problem and possible solutions through a mixed method approach. Problem Statement Medicare fraud is one of the overarching problems in the healthcare industry resulting in losses of billions of dollars each year. It is actually claimed, â€Å"Medicare fraud costs the U.S. government approximately $80 billion a year (Stefanacci, 2010). Through quantitative approach, the researcher will be required to estimate the loss of revenue through Medicare fraud. Secondly, the researcher will be required to establish variation of involvement in Medicare fraud across different societies. The quantitative aspect of the study will establish the reasons or the social factors that contribute to Medicare fraud. Patterns of fraud cases across different population settings will also be interesting aspect of the research. Finally, the study will require establishing how medical and legal professionals contribute to Medicare fraud and d the factors that contribute to the involvement. ... What are the views of the people concerning the criminalization of Medicare fraud? (a) Do people consider Medicare fraud as a criminal activity? (b) Do people blame the authority for their misfortunes? 5. What is the role of medical and legal professionals in Medicare Fraud? Research Design The study will be conducted through a mixed method approach whereby the researcher will be interested in quantifying and interpreting different parameters related to Medicare fraud (Creswell, 2008). Choice for mixed methods was inspired by the nature of the problem and the expectations of the audience. For instance, the audience is interested in determining the extent of the problem and the factors that contribute to the problem. In addition, the researcher will be required to develop an explicit mathematical model that defines the relationship between various research parameters such as level of income and Medicare fraud. The qualitative aspect of the study will involve observing the problem and finding relevant literature that correspond to the research problem (Creswell, 2008). On the other hand, the quantitative approach will enable the researcher to quantify different research parameters. Population and Participants From an ideal point of view, healthcare industry needs a near-perfect system of tracking Medicare fraud for there to be meaningful results. Fraud in healthcare industry affects all taxpayers. The problem has also affected other sectors of the economy making it an overall economical problem. The problem becomes even more complicated due to lack of harmonized reimbursement formulas and implementation of information in the healthcare sector (Krause, 2010). The study will attract two sets of population. Firstly, the

Career Development of Muslim Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career Development of Muslim Women - Essay Example The research design that is selected for the study is an exploratory research design, in order to understand the things deeply. As explained by Zechmeister et al., (1997) survey research represents a general approach to be used when the research design is implemented. Survey research is the method of gathering data from respondents thought to be representative of some population using an instrument composed of close structure or open-ended items (questions). It is one of the most dominant forms of data collection in the social sciences gives for the proficient collection of data over broad populations, agreeable to self-administration, administration in person, by telephone, via email, and on the internet. The primary data is to be collected by conducting field research that involves face to face interviews, surveys, questionnaires and focused group interviews. Primary research involves the use of primary data for the collection of data. Primary data are that information that is collected for the first time. The primary research will be especially useful since it will provide a guideline to the most current data available on this topic from Muslim women who are about to reach either supervisory or managerial positions and also from female who are about to enter the workforce. This will help to give an idea about what challenges they face and how they feel they will compare themselves with foreigners in the workplace. There are many advantages that have been identified in the use of the survey method.

Major Organizational institutions Essay Example for Free

Major Organizational institutions Essay The major international organizations were all formed under one consensus developed by various countries. Each organization was created to fit a specific purpose, but they all follow a unique passion towards socio-economic stability on a global front, better governance, financial transparency, and respect for human rights (Karns, 2004). The organizations discussed in this paper are as follows: 1. International Monetary Fund 2. World Trade Organization 3. United Nations 4. Interpol 5. European Union The International Monetary Fund was created in 1944 with the sole objective of stabilizing exchange rates and the international monetary system. It consists of approximately 185 member countries. The structural hierarchy is topped by a managing director who is selected by executive directors representing various countries. The World Trade Organization was created in 1995 with the objective of liberalization international trade with checks and balances. Consisting of 153 members that constitute 95% of the total world trade, it is governed by a Ministerial Conference, which meets every two years and also appoints the head, the Director General. The WTO is further divided into the General council which deals with day to day affairs and policy decisions. The United Nations was first accepted by the world community through ratification in 1945. Comprising of 6 units ; The General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat and the International Court of Justice, the UN’s main aim is to facilitate co-operation in the fields of international justice, international law, international security, global economic development, the reduction of poverty and in the end, sustaining world peace. Interpol was created to develop international police co-operation between various countries. The organization is headed by a Secretary General and is governed by the Interpol General Assembly. Its underlying principle relies on the fact that Interpol facilitates information between member countries regarding drug trafficking, organized crime, weapon smuggling and so forth. Interpol cannot get political and thus remains a neutral organization. Its constitution forbids it to act between issues overlapping two member states regarding military, political or religious issues. The European Union constitutes 3 organizations. These include; European Economic Community, European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community. The European Union is composed of various states from Europe, thus making it a regional yet international organization. The European Union acts as one country with one currency (with the exception of United Kingdom) and a single trade policy (McCormick, 2005). In terms of economic development, the united nations development program deals entirely with facilitating resources to poorer countries and helping them develop on the agenda that the current first world nations used. The UNDP provides economic assistance, a variety of policy adjustments and macroeconomic stability programs to impoverished nations requiring aid. The International monetary fund further helps poor countries recover from fiscal debt that Governments accumulate. This helps Governments mitigate their financial and economic needs on a short term immediate basis. Countries suffering from bankruptcy often avail the IMF last fund sponsor program which allows them to borrow from the IMF. The IMF then acts as the lender to the country in need, state bank. The World Trade Organization was one of the first international organizations to spread the globalization bubble. Its view was to see the whole world as one single market and thus eliminate all barriers to trade. The reason being value of competition, low production costs and specialization in country specific production processes to increase quality of goods produced for everyone. The World Trade Organization promotes free and unrestricted trade by doing away with protectionist policies. This means that the WTO and its member countries trade freely with each other without quotas and restrictions. However, unfortunately that has not always been the case in the world market, as many developing countries seek to protect their infant industries. However, with time, the WTO has introduced a set of new policies which force member countries to be receptive to foreign competition in the hope of creating a more effective and efficient way of production that benefits all of mankind. The WTO functions under the ideology of capitalism hoping that with increased open trade, wealth will be created which will trickle down to the masses (Bossche, 2008). Terrorism, war crimes and international order has become a major issue in the rapidly changing world scenario. With continuous major war being fought in various parts of the world during the past 9 years, various new global organizations have come about to ensure the stability of peace. The United Nations, since 1945 has played an active role in these scenarios through one of its organs; the United Nations Security Council. Representing 5 major powers, Russia, United States, China, France and United Kingdom, the UN Security Council tackles global terrorism through sanctions and banning groups forcing member nations to act upon the rebel groups creating problems. Sanctions are slapped against nations abusing their force or subduing other nations in their thirst for power. To ensure neutrality and consensus, all 5 members on the council have the right to veto any resolution passed in the Security Council. This task is further augmented by Interpol which provides co-ordination between the different police forces of the member states. Interpol often issues international warrants for terrorist wanted by different states residing in other states. This allows for a more coordinated effort towards sustaining international order and keeping track of problems facing different nations such as arms smuggling, drug smuggling and human trafficking (Dana, 2000). The United Nations also has an International Court of Justice where various ousted political leaders are tried fairly for the crimes they committed against humanity, their people and other sovereign states. This court of justice ensures that war crimes do not go unpunished and are globally recognized by all member states (Roberts, 1994). One of the main organizations that undertake in capital investment is the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The OECD brings together various governments in order to provide sustainable development plans that various countries can use to break free from their economic turmoil. It also ensures the steady and sustainable flow of Human Capital Investment throughout the world. Raising living standards, maintaining financial stability and assisting other world economies through contributing in terms of intellect and physical economic strength is also part of the OECD mission. The future prospects for International Organizations are quite diverse when we observe the trends various organizations have seen over the past few years. With the dramatically changed global environment and thought process, a lot of organizations built on previous assumptions require change if they are to have any future prospects at all. The sudden shift to environmental change and the necessity to preserve our planet has put the focus of many governments, NGO’s and the majority of the population on Earth to shift their attention towards organizations that currently cater to this mind set. Environment change is being view increasingly as a step towards destruction man takes every day. When we talk about governance by such organizations, the prospects look constructive. Most people are turning towards such organizations because it caters to their â€Å"living green† ideology. This ideology is now engulfing our everyday life in the form of new foreign policies, industrial growth and development, and everyday management affairs ranging from the construction of roads to the syllabi of educational institutes. Day by day, companies adopt eco-friendly governance policies because that is what the people want and respect (Karns, 2004). Secondly, we have seen the failure of the United Nations once again. The International Court of Justice at max provides advice, the Security Council is tainted with bias behavior from certain states towards their allies and the resolutions tabled are often rejected on the basis of the veto vote. It is, without a doubt, an emerging thought, that governance by such organizations that police some and free others do not work. Thus, to think that such organizations can bring about global governance is mistaken. People have lost faith in such organizations and more people are doing so day by day. Finally, international monetary institutions and development support agencies are being shunned by developing countries to an alarming success. The false paradigm theory has broken away the countries that were once colonized. They now feel that imperial colonialism has now over-ridden their way of life and these international bodies promote it. Also, the fact that the policies and governance techniques these organizations offer are barely equip to deal with the problems threatening the developing nations of today. They might be well intended but fail to address the ailments of development countries. IMF policies and World Bank regulations are seen more as restrictions rather than good governance techniques to bring economies out of debt. Thus, their policies are often ignored. To presume that good governance can be bought through such international organizations only highlights the weak prospects that such organizations have in global governance when it comes to economic stability. References: Bossche, P. V. D. (2008). The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization. Cambridge University Press. Dana, D. (2000). Conflict Resolution. McGraw-Hill. Diehl, P. (2005). The Politics of Global Governance: International Organizations in an Interdependent World. Lynne Rienner Publishers Karns, M. P. (2004). International Organizations: The Politics and Processes of Global Governance. Lynne Rienner Publishers McCormick, J. (2005). Understanding the European Union: A Concise Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. Roberts, A. (1994). United Nations Divided World: the UNs Roles in International Relations. Oxford University Press.

The Effects of Child Abuse Essay examples -- Child Abuse Essays

The effects of child abuse are multiple. The pain and trauma the abused child goes through is just a small part of how this cauldron of hidden depravity in our society affects all of us. Wrecked lives can be seen in persons of all ages and in all walks of life. Society as a whole is also effected by child abuse both in negative and positive ways. In this essay I will present some of the factor and results of this violent behavior on individuals as well as our culture. Early American culture did not consider child abuse a crime. Children over the age of 7 were made to work as hard as adults of the time period. They were often beaten if they did not. This changed in the late 19th century when 9 year old Mary Ellen, who endured physical beatings from her foster mother, was reported to the authorities by concerned neighbors who heard Mary’s repeated cries at the hand or switch of her foster mother. In 1874, a mission volunteer named Etta Wheeler was informed of Mary’s cruel life of beatings, imprisonment and cold-hearted servitude. When Etta Wheeler was finally permitted to observe Mary in her living quarters, appalled she began to do everything in her power to get Mary out of her horrid situation. Wheeler convinced the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals to intervene and by legal means have Mary removed from the home. Their argument was that â€Å"Mary Ellen was a member of the animal kingdom, and thus could be i ncluded under the laws which protected animals from human cruelty† (Bell, 2011, p. 3). Out of this advocacy for Young Mary was formed the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. The overall effect of young Mary’s abuse was permanent changes in United States law making abuse, violence, and negle... ...y know about some forms of family violence, such as child abuse, we should be able to more quickly gain a better understanding regarding every type of family violence that we encounter in our society. What we learn about overcoming child abuse, may be helpful in therapy for partner abuse, or elder abuse. The continuing cycle of child abuse can be ended when we are willing to look at the devastation it leaves in the lives of not only the child victims, but everyone who is a part of the family or society where family violence dwells. When individuals are willing to stand up for these young victims and get involved, only then will positive change come. Look at the positive change that grew out of the abuse and rescue of one 9 year old girl named Mary Ellen when one person with compassion in her heart was willing and resolute to get involved and make a difference. The Effects of Child Abuse Essay examples -- Child Abuse Essays The effects of child abuse are multiple. The pain and trauma the abused child goes through is just a small part of how this cauldron of hidden depravity in our society affects all of us. Wrecked lives can be seen in persons of all ages and in all walks of life. Society as a whole is also effected by child abuse both in negative and positive ways. In this essay I will present some of the factor and results of this violent behavior on individuals as well as our culture. Early American culture did not consider child abuse a crime. Children over the age of 7 were made to work as hard as adults of the time period. They were often beaten if they did not. This changed in the late 19th century when 9 year old Mary Ellen, who endured physical beatings from her foster mother, was reported to the authorities by concerned neighbors who heard Mary’s repeated cries at the hand or switch of her foster mother. In 1874, a mission volunteer named Etta Wheeler was informed of Mary’s cruel life of beatings, imprisonment and cold-hearted servitude. When Etta Wheeler was finally permitted to observe Mary in her living quarters, appalled she began to do everything in her power to get Mary out of her horrid situation. Wheeler convinced the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals to intervene and by legal means have Mary removed from the home. Their argument was that â€Å"Mary Ellen was a member of the animal kingdom, and thus could be i ncluded under the laws which protected animals from human cruelty† (Bell, 2011, p. 3). Out of this advocacy for Young Mary was formed the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. The overall effect of young Mary’s abuse was permanent changes in United States law making abuse, violence, and negle... ...y know about some forms of family violence, such as child abuse, we should be able to more quickly gain a better understanding regarding every type of family violence that we encounter in our society. What we learn about overcoming child abuse, may be helpful in therapy for partner abuse, or elder abuse. The continuing cycle of child abuse can be ended when we are willing to look at the devastation it leaves in the lives of not only the child victims, but everyone who is a part of the family or society where family violence dwells. When individuals are willing to stand up for these young victims and get involved, only then will positive change come. Look at the positive change that grew out of the abuse and rescue of one 9 year old girl named Mary Ellen when one person with compassion in her heart was willing and resolute to get involved and make a difference.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Articles of Confederation Essay

From their landing in the New World in the early 1600s, the British subjects, or colonists, were under the rule of the British King. Some colonies had more power with their own legislatures, but the British King and/or Parliament always had the final rule. Some of the British Kings tended to be more lenient than others, but when the Restoration occurred in 1660, Charles II was restored to power in England and he planned on ruling with a complete monarchy. This would cause further conflict between the colonies and England and eventually in the 1700s, a Revolution. Through this revolution, since the colonies weren’t going to be ruled by England, a new, central government had to be drawn up. This new government, however, couldn’t be too powerful due to the Americans’ fear of tyranny. The Articles of Confederation was the perfect government system for the 11 years that it held America together for. It was too weak, however, to last any longer than that. During the time of Revolution, the Articles of Confederation was the right form of central government for America, but its weaknesses in state control led to its rejection and the creation of the U.S. Constitution because they didn’t allow the federal government to control taxation and they were too weak. The Articles of Confederation was satisfying in its’ role as the central government in America during the Revolution because it held the states together and it signed the Peace Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revolutionary War. The Articles of Confederation was too weak, however, due to the fact that there was no hard currency and unruly state taxation which caused a group of farmers led by Daniel Shay to rebel against it. This rebellion, deemed Shay’s Rebellion, led to the passage of the U.S. Constitution. The Articles of Confederation was the government that allowed the states to finally centralize their government. This Confederation was very beneficial because it provided for a loose union where each state still has its sovereignty and freedoms. The Articles of Confederation had the power to declare war, make treaties with foreign countries, solve debates between states, borrow and print money, and requisition funds from the states. Because the Confederation was allowed to make treaties with foreign countries, the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783, virtually ending the  American Revolution and giving the Americans the Western land they had been waiting for and also the land to the Mississippi. The Confederation was allowed to make this treaty, and by doing so ended the Revolutionary War. This gave America its’ freedom and independence from a monarchy at last. The Articles of Confederation was important here because it was able to do what had not been done before, which was break away from English rule and have the ability to expand westward. The Articles of Confederation also allowed for the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 to be created. This allowed for new Northwestern territories such as Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio to apply for statehood under the Articles. The Northwest Ordinance abolished slavery in the North, which hadn’t been attempted before, and it also emphasized the importance of education in the Northwestern area in the attempt of making an educated generation. Also due to the Articles of Confederation, the country was held together under one body for the 11 years during the Revolutionary War. The Patriots envisioned a centralized government when they declared their independence in 1776. The Articles of Confederation, drawn up by John Dickinson, gave them just that. The Americans at this time, however, had a great fear of tyranny. They didn’t want the new government to be too strong and take away state powers, which is why the Confederation was created as a weak government. It w as too weak, however. Even though the Articles of Confederation was successful in keeping America together and expanding its size, there were too many weaknesses that were exposed to some people. The Articles of Confederation lacked the power to control taxation. According to America’s History, â€Å"by 1780, the central government was nearly bankrupt† (201). This caused the army and General Washington to be bankrupt as well. To raise revenue, Washington called for a national tax system. With Robert Morris as his superintendent of finance, these Patriots attempted to persuade Congress to allow taxation and to levy a 5% import tax. This idea of taxation was shut down, and instead, Congress raised revenue by selling western land. At this point, people were trying to expand the power in which the Articles of Confederation holds, in the form of taxation and lack of hard currency, which caused more conflict with the lower class people. Daniel Shay and his band of angry farmers rebelled  against these unruly taxes and won control of the Massachusetts legislature (there were no chief executive or judicial branches) in order to cut taxes. This rebellion, deemed Shay’s Rebellion, was more of a symbol than a rebellion. It was a symbol of the weakness of the Articles of Confederation. This rebellion showed the Americans that this form of government was too weak and that they needed a new government that could satisfy both the states and the nation. Due to Shay’s Rebellion showing that the Articles of Confederation were too weak, the Constitution was passed. After the Articles of Confederation were rejected, the United States Constitution was created. After Shay’s Rebellion, Congress called for a Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. Two plans were drawn up at this Convention: The Virginia and New Jersey Plans. These plans were drawn up by the different groups called the Federalists and the Antifederalists. The Federalists supported a federal union where the nation had power over the states and the Constitution, whereas the Antifederalists wanted states to have control over their own laws and have equality in representation – one vote per state – and did not support the Constitution. The Antifederalists didn’t support the Constitution because they believed that it would decrease state powers, lack a declaration of individual rights, and that the government would be run by wealthy men instead of having representatives of the yeomanry. The Federalists responded with a series of 85 essays appropriately titled The Federalist. These essays promised that the authority would be divided among three branches of government, each limited with checks and balances on the others. They also promised the addition of a Bill of Rights in the near future. These essays allowed for the ratification of the Constitution. This new form of government was notably stronger than the Articles of Confederation because it enjoyed the popular support of the people. Even though the Articles of Confederation were appropriate during the time of Revolution in the U.S. To keep the states together, it had too many weaknesses which led to its rejection and the creation of the U.S. Constitution.

Mentally and Physically Abusive Relationships Essay

Why People Stay in Mentally/Physically Abusive Relationships It has long been wondered by many people, why there are so many who stay in mentally/physically abusive relationships. I have designed a study to find out address the reasons and the average amount of women by social and educational and by age group. With this study I will design, I will be using quantitative variables. Quantitative analysis is mathematical (Passer, 2014). In psychology it typically involves using statistics to aid in summarizing and interpreting data. I will use various scales that will rate or measure severity of the abuse, how long the person has been in been in the relationship, how many children the person has, if these are all of the partners or spouses children, check educational status and also if they plan to leave or stay in the relationship, on what level they are with how they feel about leaving or staying. I will have scales with age ranges and income status. I will also have questionnaires allowing the subject to pick from multiple choice answers which will as such questions as, the severity of the abuse, whether it is mental or physical abuse or both, and multiple choice questions to choose from as to their reason for not leaving. Example of this: I have not left the current relationship that I am in for one of the following reasons. Please circle all that apply 1. I am afraid to leave 2. I have nowhere to go 3. I have children involved and don’t want to leave 4. I still love this person and don’t want to leave 5. I feel that a lot of the abuse if my fault These are just some examples of the questions that may be asked. In this study it is very much my desire to give others an idea the average amount of women and men who endure abuse and reasons for leaving or staying. Ethical issues that could arise would deal with getting too deep into a person’s personal life and doing some things that could cause for the person to endure more physical and or mental abuse. The main thing would be to make sure that no one who is helping with this study gets too close personally to a subject, thereby getting involved in the subject’s persona life. My goal with this study is to adhere and conform to the five ethical principles. I will make sure that all involved in this study are concerned with the welfare of each person participating in the study. I will make sure that all who are involved in the study understand their responsibility as professional and only conduct themselves in a professional manner. This also means making sure they don’t uphold a colleague who may be demonstrating unethical conduct. I will make sure that each study subject knows; at all times what is going on and the no one mislead them, concerning the study, in any way. I will make sure that there is no bias in is no bias in this study and that all study subjects are being treated fairly. It will be my main goal to make sure that all participants are treated with dignity and respect, which also includes their right to privacy and confidentiality. No person will leave this study feeling that they should not have participated. There are several studies concerning abuse and why people stay, but most of this deal with women in abusive relationships such as Rick Nauert, PhD, who wrote about why women stay in abusive relationships. Researchers discovered that many who live with chronic psychological abuse still see certain positive traits in their abusers — such as dependability and being affectionate — which may partly explain why they stay (Nuaert, 2010). There are however, studies as to why men stay in abusive relationships also and many of them have their reasons for not leaving. There are many kinds of abuse that a man can experience, including physical, emotional, financial, sexual and spiritual abuse (Casimong, 2014). In closing, it is my goal in this study to obtain information from people of all ages, ethnic backgrounds, and financial statuses, whether they are male or female. People from all walks of life suffer abuse and although it may  occur more in some areas, it occurs regardless of financial status, educational background or whether a person is male or female and at all ages. Reference Passer, Michael. Research Methods. Worth Publishers, 05/2014. VitalBook file. Rick Nauert, PhD. Why Women Stay in Abusive Relationships. 13 April 2010. . Rick Nauert, PhD. Why Women Stay in Abusive Relationships. 13 April 2010. .

Karen Carpenter essays

Karen Carpenter essays Born on March 2, 1950 the daughter of Harold (a printer) and Agnes (a homemaker) had no idea about the life that was ahead of her. At the age of 17, as her musical career with her brother Richard was beginning, her extreme dieting would begin. (Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives) At the age of 17 she was 141 lbs. and 54. She went to a physician and got put on the Stillman water diet (8 glasses of water a day, no fatty foods, and plenty of vitamins). She did not like diets, but she stuck with it and lost 25 lbs. in six months. She stayed at this weight until 1973. (www.leadsister.com) She started to show a disinterest in food in 1974. She was purchasing sugar-free jelly and stocking the cabinets with low-calorie and low-fat foods. When going to the recording studios she would get many compliments on how good she looked and compliments on her weight loss. At the time she was 115lbs. but now had a goal to weigh 105lbs. (www.leadsister.com) Her weight was dropping more and more by 1975. She was too tired and worn out to perform on tour in Japan and Europe weighing only 80lbs. (Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives) Her best friend Debbie Vaiuso came to visit her and she was quoted saying her skin was literally hanging off her bones. Her brother Richard was in Tokyo and London rescheduling their tours while she went to Cedars of Sinai Hospital to get treatment for Anorexia. They are just going to make sure I put some weight on she told Gary Sims one of her visitors that were alarmed. When she got out of recovery she weighed 104 lbs. (www.leadsister.com) While getting fitted for clothing for a concert in 1976 she was concerned about the size of her hips. Her brother Richard was quoted saying Can we do something to hide those hips. Richard explained he was taken the wrong way. He was mentioning her hips because her pelvic bones were showing not because they were big. (...

5 Major Differences Between Public and Private Schools

5 Major Differences Between Public and Private Schools Education is an important part of raising children and preparing them to live successful lives. For many families, finding the right school environment isnt as easy as just enrolling at the local public school. With the information we have today about learning differences and 21st-century skills, not all schools can adequately meet the needs of every student. So how do you determine if the local  school is meeting your childs needs or if its time to switch schools? A common comparison is that of public schools and private schools. As many public schools face budget cuts that lead to larger class sizes and fewer resources, many private schools continue to flourish. However, a private school can be expensive. Is it worth the investment? Here are some major questions that you should be asking yourself about the differences between public and private schools.   How Large Are the Class Sizes? Class size is one of the major differences between public schools and private schools. The class size in urban public schools can be as large as 25-30 students (or more),  while most private schools keep their class sizes closer to an average of 10-15  students, depending on the school. Its important to note that some schools will publicize a student to teacher ratio, in addition to, or sometimes in place of, an average classroom size. The student to teacher ratio is not the same as the average classroom size, as the ratio often includes part-time teachers who may serve as tutors or substitutes, and sometimes the ratio even includes non-teaching faculty (administrators, coaches, dorm parents) who are part of students daily lives outside the classroom. There are  electives at some private schools with even fewer students, meaning that your child will receive personalized attention and the ability to contribute to classroom discussions that foster learning. Some schools have a Harkness Table, an oval-shaped table that began at Philips Exeter Academy to allow all the people at the table to look at each other during discussions. Smaller class sizes also mean that teachers can give students longer and more complicated assignments, as the teachers don’t have as many papers to grade. For example, students at many academically challenging college-preparatory private schools write 10-15 page papers as juniors and seniors. How Are the Teachers Prepared? While public school teachers always need to be certified, private school teachers  often don’t need formal certification. Nevertheless, many are experts in their fields or have master’s or even doctoral degrees. While it is very difficult to remove public school teachers, private school teachers generally have contracts that are renewable each year. How Well Does the School Prepare Students for College or Post-High School Life? While many public schools do a good job of preparing students for college, many do not. For example, a recent study  found that even A-rated public schools in New York City have remediation rates of over 50% for their graduates who attend the City University of New York. Most college-preparatory private schools do a thorough job of preparing their graduates to succeed in college; however, this too varies based on the individual school. What Attitude Do the Students Have When It Comes to School? In part, because private schools often have selective admissions processes, they are able to choose students who are highly motivated. Many private school students want to learn, and your child will be surrounded by students who regard academic achievement as desirable. For students who arent challenged enough at their current schools, finding a school full of highly motivated students can be a major improvement in their learning experience. Does the School Offer Other Services and Activities That Are Meaningful for My Child? Because private schools don’t have to follow state laws about what to teach, they can offer unique and specialized  programs. For example, parochial schools can offer religion classes,  while special-education schools can offer remedial and counseling programs to help their students. Schools often offer highly advanced programs in the sciences or arts. For example, Milken Community Schools in Los Angeles invested more than $6 million in developing one of the top private school Advanced Science Programs. The immersive environment also means that many private school students simply attend school for more hours in the day than do public school students because private schools offer after-school programs and a longer schedule. This means less time to get in trouble and more time to get involved in activities.

Yemen and The Political System in Iran Assignment

Yemen and The Political System in Iran - Assignment Example Members of Iran’s analytical community pointed out the lack legal basis to justify the operation and termed it as a strategy by the Saudi and the United States to impose security conditions that would be in favor of the two states. However analysts further try to prove that the attack has a deeper basis, they link it to the issues of Western Asia, Syrian issue, and Iraq. The United Nations which is meant to be a neutral body has been criticized by Iranian parliamentary officials for allowing the attack to ensue. It is argued that Iran could be seeking regional supremacy in the Arabian Peninsula and should the operation succeed then its significance in the area will easily be challenged. Ortiz, E. Iran’s Qasem Soleimani is guiding Iraqi Forces in a fight against ISIS. After the failure of an offensive in South of Damascus, Soleimani went behind the scenes appearing nowhere in the public or media. This, however, has not affected his profile as a great military general and political analyst. ISIS the insurgent group moved into Tikrit in June of 2014 and have since been reigning terror in the area. Having had influence for over a decade, his entry and support against ISIS are considered heavily meaningful. The Iraq government is even considering turning down United States intervention with Soleimani’s entry into the war. Iran is known to be conducting nuclear activities which are clearly worrying the United States government and the United States intervention with the ISIS issue would make it easier for the two states to seal a deal. However, Qasem Soleimani’s involvement in the war has created quite a few setbacks to this possibility.

Persuasive Paper Against Teenage Pregnancy Assignment

Persuasive Paper Against Teenage Pregnancy - Assignment Example For this reason, it is likely for teenagers who got themselves pregnant at a young age to face economic problems after giving birth. Aside from the socio-economic impact on mother, teenage pregnancy could also affect the health of the mother since unprotected sexual activity increases their risk of becoming infected with sexually transmitted diseases like HIV, Gonorrhea and Chlamydia (Manlove, Terry-Humen and Papillo). Almost all teenage women who become pregnant at an early age are not mentally, physically, psychologically, and financially prepared for this kind of responsibility. Because of mental and emotional stress associated with teenage pregnancy, the overall well-being of the child becomes affected. Other than having a higher tendency for premature and low birth weight (Martin, Hamilton and Sutton), children born out of wedlock are most likely to suffer from physical and emotional abuse as they grow older (Hoffman). Having a teen pregnancy at home can influence younger children. Since the family members had no other choice but to accept the situation as it is, incidence of teenage pregnancy would gradually become an accepted behavior and family pattern (East and Jacobson, The younger siblings of teenage mothers: a follow-up of their pregnancy risk; East). In line with this, the negative socio-economic and health consequences associated with teenage pregnancy become a long-term cycle. Since teenage pregnancy could negatively affect young women’s future socio-economic status, work opportunities, the mother’s health, the well-being of the child, and the psychological and emotional condition of the family members, teenage pregnancy should be prevented by providing the students with early sex education. By doing so, young women can protect themselves not only from getting infected with sexually transmitted diseases but also the health and socio-economic consequences of becoming

International human rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International human rights - Research Paper Example The crisis has led to the need for humanitarian assistance by 3.8 million people who have been affected by the violence in South Sudan. The affected people mainly live in the Upper Nile Region, Jonglei, Central Equatoria, Western Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, and Lakes regions of South Sudan. This is the greatest human rights problem due to the large number of people affected by the crisis and the level of violence meted on innocent, vulnerable members of the community. Over 10,000 people have been killed in a crisis, and over five million people depend on humanitarian assistance between within and without the country in displacement campsii. The other reason for the crisis to be the greatest humanitarian crisis is that the violence has caused a threat of famine in South Sudan. Scholars, policy makers, and human rights organizations believe that the problem in South Sudan needs immediate attention by the United Nations, IGAD, regional organizations, and other international bodies to provide humanitarian aid and come together to solve the problem. The problem is caused by recent developments after the independence of South Sudan with the national government led by Salva Kiir unwilling to democratize and to take fewer measures to deliver basic services to the peopleiii. The result of this was the lack end of a common enemy anymore for SPLM, Khartoum, and their efforts for independence and self-determination. However, after achieving independence, splits in SPLM led to the differences and subsequent sacking of the vice president, Riek Machar among other elected leaders to silence dissent in SPLM resulting in violence and killings. United Nations, IGAD, European Union, United Kingdom, and neighboring countries are working on the South Sudan problem through taking efforts to ensure the differences between Riek Machar and President Salva Kiir

Theories On Discourse Ideology English Language Essay

Theories On Discourse Ideology English Language Essay INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Language, that makes us the Crown of Creatures, empowers us with an expressive medium which we exploit to communicate, understand, interpret, negate, acknowledge, appreciate, influence, persuade, dominate, control, etc. Metaphorically speaking, language helps us to caress and comfort our feelings, excite and thrill our spirit, rattle our nerves, kill our desire, and so on.   Language is a variegated phenomenon. It can emotionally move and affect us as powerfully as physical actions. This is the power of language.   1.1   What is Discourse?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term discourse has been derived from French word  discours  meaning talk. In linguistics, discourse is a sequence of utterances. Grammarians define discourse as large pieces of speech and writing: stretches of language longer than a sentence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Language is used to mean  something and to do  something, and this meaning and doing  is determined by the context of its usage. As discourse is dialogic in nature, the things which make it different from ordinary language use are context, creation, reception and interpretation. It should not be confused with either of the Chomskys or Saussures categories. It is neither  performance or parole  which is concerned with language in its actual utterances, nor  competence or languewhere language is a code system and a system of communicative conventions. Although it contains both the elements, it goes beyond the distinction of  performance or parole  and  competence or langue;  it is the study of language use. If language is speech act and social behavior, discourse is a form of social practice. Foucault defines discourse as ways of constituting knowledge, together with the social practices, forms of subjectivity and power relations which inhere in such knowledges and relations between them. Discourses are more than ways of thinking and producing meaning. They constitute the nature of the body, unconscious and conscious mind and emotional life of the subjects they seek to govern. (Weedon, 1987) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a form of power that circulates in the social field and can attach to strategies of domination as well as those of resistance. (Diamond Quinby, 1988)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In other words, discourse is a string of utterances concerned with the production of meaning. Discourse is a socially organized way of speaking. According to Foucault, discourse constructs the topic. It governs what can and cannot be said about the topic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apart from governing the topic, it is also used to influence people to change ideas into practice (be it personal or others ideas), and to regulate the conduct of others. As discourse is concerned with the production of meaning, the utterances have a relation to common sense assumptions. Cultural hegemony is maintained through common sense assumptions which become universal ideologies through language or in other words discourse. Language exerts hidden power, like a moon on the tides. (Rita Mae Brown,  Starting from Scratch, 1998)   1.2   What is Ideology?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ideologies are those ideas, values, attitudes, and (general or cultural) ways of thinking that shape our belief systems and mind sets about what is /isnt correct, and how it must be. Ideologies, be they religious or political or social, maintain power structures and social hierarchies and remain dominant and prevalent in the society through rhetorical discourse or hidden power in discourse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main purpose of ideology is not only to change the existing structures, but also to maintain already existing set of ideals. Ideas, beliefs, and attitudes which maintain status quo become dominant or prevalent ideologies of the society. These ideologies are so powerful that they ignore and sideline those ideas which are against its very existence through a normative thought process and politics of the language.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ideologies when become shared experiences start making sense. People start making sense of their lives while observing them. In other words, they are no more false beliefs and ideas, rather a true and lived experience. THEORIES ON DISCOURSE IDEOLOGY     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The social theory has contributed in many ways to explore the role of language in exercising, maintaining and changing power. Firstly, the work in the theory of ideology talks about ideology as a mechanism of power without using coercive means and language as a locus of ideology which is significant in exercising power. Secondly, Michel Foucaults work ascribes central role to discourse in the development of power structures of forms. Thirdly, Jurgen Habermas theory of communicative action which challenges Marxist focus on economics or alienated labor- is considered as the sole determining factor of oppression. He argues that key to liberation is rather to be found in language and communication between people. 2.1   Marx and Ideology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Karl Max, a social thinker of 19th  century, talked of ideology in terms of an instrument of social production. He gave economic base and superstructure model of society, where base denotes the relation of production and superstructure denotes the dominant ideology. Base shapes the superstructure of any society, while the superstructure maintains and legitimates the base.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Marx, bourgeoisie create and reinforce particular ways of thinking, in other words, particular ideology which in turn reinforce the structure of the society, thus maintaining status quo and existing hierarchies of status and power.   Fig. 1: Marxs Base Superstructure Model of Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Karl Marx, social ideologies not only cause  status quo or hegemony  in the society, but also a conditioning where false consciousness created by the ruling class is justified. This conditioning makes us think that the way our society operates is for the best, and lower class justifies its own lower position in society.      Michel Foucault in The Order of Discourse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Order of Discourse,  Foucault argues that the discourse is controlled by certain functions, actions and rules. In particular, certain topics are prohibited and who speaks is limited. Reason is valued and madness is ignored. It is also controlled by what we choose to comment on and by the will to truth. [T]he highest truth no longer resided in what discourse was or did, but in what is said: a day came when truth was displaced by from the ritualized, efficacious, and just act of enunciation, towards the utterance itself, its meaning, its form, its object, its relation to its reference. (1462)   In every society, the production of discourse is at once controlled, selected, organized and redistributed by a certain number of procedures whose role is to ward off its powers and dangers, to gain mastery over its chance events, to evade its ponderous, formidable materiality (p.210).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foucault also talks about procedures of exclusion and procedures of inclusion. He states that prohibition of including or discussing certain topics very soon reveal [discourses] link with desire and with power (p.211).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At another place he says that discourse is not simply that which translates struggles or systems of domination, but is the thing for which and by which there is struggle; discourse is the power which is to be seized (p.211).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Weedons (1987) in interpretation of Foucault is: A dynamic of control between discourses and the subjects, constituted by discourses, who are their agents. Power is exercised within discourses in the ways in which they constitute and govern individual subjects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foucaults focus is upon questions of how some discourses have shaped and created meaning systems that have gained the status and currency of truth, and dominate how we define and organize both ourselves and our social world, whilst other alternative discourses are marginalised and subjugated, yet potentially offer sites where hegemonic practices can be contested, challenged and resisted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foucault developed the concept of the discursive field as part of his attempt to understand the relationship between language, social institutions, subjectivity and power. Discursive fields, such as the law or the family, contain a number of competing and contradictory discourses with varying degrees of power to give meaning to and organize social institutions and processes. They also offer a range of modes of subjectivity (Weedon, 1987). It follows then that, if relations of power are dispersed and fragmented throughout the social field, so must resistance to power be (Diamond Quinby, 1988).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foucault argues though, in  The Order of Discourse, that the will to truth is the major system of exclusion that forges discourse and which tends to exert a sort of pressure and something like a power of constraint on other discourses, and goes on further to ask the question what is at stake in the will to truth, in the will to utter this true discourse, if not desire and power? (1970, cited in Shapiro 1984, p. 113-4).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thus, there are both discourses that constrain the production of knowledge, dissent and difference and some that enable new knowledges and difference(s). The questions that arise within this framework, are to do with how some discourses maintain their authority, how some voices get heard whilst others are silenced, who benefits and how that is, questions addressing issues of power/ empowerment/ disempowerment.  Ã‚   2.3   Louis Althussers view of Ideology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Louis Althusser builds on the work of Jacques Lacan to understand the way ideology functions in society. He thus moves away from the earlier Marxist understanding of ideology. In the earlier model, ideology was believed to create what was termed false consciousness, a false understanding of the way the world functioned (for example, the suppression of the fact that the products we purchase on the open market are, in fact, the result of the exploitation of laborers). Althusser revised Marxs view of ideology, which he described as: thought as an imaginary construction whose status is exactly like the theoretical status of the dream among writers before Freud.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He saw human individuals being constituted as  subjects  through  ideology. Consciousness and agency are experienced, but are the products of ideology speaking through the subject. Above all, ideology is an imaginary construction that represents the real world. However, it is so real to us that we never question it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Althusser posits a series of hypotheses that he explores to clarify his understanding of ideology:   Ideology represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence (Lenin  109).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The traditional way of thinking of ideology led Marxists to show how ideologies are false by pointing to the real world hidden by ideology (for example, the real economic base for ideology). According to Althusser, by contrast, ideology does not reflect the real world but represents the imaginary  relationship of individuals to the real world; the thing ideology (mis)represents is itself already at one remove from the real. In this, Althusser follows the Lacanian understanding of the  imaginary order, which is itself at one step removed from the Lacanian  Real. In other words, we are always within ideology because of our reliance on language to establish our reality; different ideologies are but different representations of our social and  imaginary  reality not a representation of the  Real  itself.  Ã‚   Ideology has a material existence (Lenin  112).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Althusser contends that ideology has a material existence because an ideology always exists in an apparatus, and its practice, or practices (Lenin  112). Ideology always manifests itself through actions, which are inserted into practices (Lenin  114), for example, rituals, conventional behavior, and so on. It is our performance of our relation to others and to social institutions that continually instantiates us as subjects.  Judith Butlers understanding of performativity  could be said to be strongly influenced by this way of thinking about ideology.  Ã‚   all ideology hails or interpellates concrete individuals as concrete subjects (Lenin  115).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Althusser, the main purpose of ideology is in constituting concrete individuals as subjects (Lenin  116). So pervasive is ideology in its constitution of subjects that it forms our very reality and thus appears to us as true or obvious. Althusser gives the example of the hello on a street: the rituals of ideological recognition [] guarantee for us that we are indeed concrete, individual, distinguishable and (naturally) irreplaceable subjects (Lenin  117). Through interpellation, individuals are turned into subjects (which are always ideological).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Althussers example is the hail from a police officer: Hey, you there!' (Lenin  118): Assuming that the theoretical scene I have imagined takes place in the street, the hailed individual will turn round. By this mere one-hundred-and-eighty-degree physical conversion, he becomes a  subject (Lenin  118). The very fact that we do not recognize this interaction as ideological speaks to the power of ideology: what thus seems to take place outside ideology (to be precise, in the street), in reality takes place in ideology [.] That is why those who are in ideology believe themselves by definition outside ideology: one of the effects of ideology is the practical  denegation  of the ideological character of ideology by ideology: ideology never says, I am ideological. (Lenin  118) individuals are always-already subjects (Lenin  119).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although he presents his example of interpellation in a temporal form (I am interpellated and thus I become a subject, I enter ideology), Althusser makes it clear that the becoming-subject happens even before we are born. This proposition might seem paradoxical (Lenin  119), Althusser admits; nevertheless, That an individual is always-already a subject, even before he is born, is [] the plain reality, accessible to everyone and not a paradox at all (Lenin  119). Even before the child is born, it is certain in advance that it will bear its Fathers Name, and will therefore have an identity and be irreplaceable. Before its birth, the child is therefore always-already a subject, appointed as a subject in and by the specific familial ideological configuration in which it is expected once it has been conceived (Lenin119). Althusser thus once again invokes Lacans ideas, in this case Lacans understanding of the Name-of-the-Father.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most subjects accept their ideological self-constitution as reality or nature and thus rarely run afoul of the repressive State apparatus, which is designed to punish anyone who rejects the dominant ideology.  Hegemony  is thus reliant less on such repressive State apparatuses as the police than it is on those Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs) by which ideology is inculcated in all subjects. (See the next module for an explanation of ISAs.) As Althusser puts it, the individual  is interpellated as a (free) subject in order that he shall submit freely to the commandments of the Subject, i.e. in order that he shall (freely) accept his subjection, i.e. in order that he shall make the gestures and actions of his subjection all by himself' (Lenin  123). Louis Althussers ISA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Althusser proposed a materialistic conception of ideology, which made use of a special type of discourse: the lacunar discourse. A number of propositions, which are never untrue, suggest a number of other propositions, which are true. In this way, the essence of the lacunar discourse is what is not told (but is suggested).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For Althusser, beliefs and ideas are the products of social practices, not the reverse. What is ultimately important for Althusser are not the subjective beliefs held in the minds of human individuals, but rather the material institutions, rituals and discourses that produce these beliefs.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Althusser identified the  Ideological State Apparatus  (ISA) as the method by which organizations propagate ideology primarily. Violence or threat of violence is secondary.   ISAs for Althusser were religious, educational, family, cultural institutions. This is in contrast to the  Repressive State Apparatus  (RSA), by which compliance can be forced and includes the army, police, government, prisons. Force or threat of force is primary, while ideology is secondary. For example, arrest imprisonment, corporal punishment, etc.   2.4   Discourse as Social Practice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social relations of power and domination are sustained through ideology. To Fairclough, ideologies construct realities which give meaning to discursive practices. Through power relations implicit in orders of discourse, discourse becomes invested ideologically. Hence the discursive practices, loaded with ideologies not only produce, but also reproduce or transform social identities, social relations and systems of knowledge and belief.  Ã‚   2.4.1   Fairclough and Ideology:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two ways of exercising power: through coercion and through consent. According to Fairclough, Ideology is the key mechanism of rule by consent, and discourse is a favored vehicle of ideology. It functions to establish, sustain or change domination or power relations in the society. For Fairclough, ideologies are constructions of reality which are built into various dimensions of the forms and meanings of discursive practices. Through power relations implicit in orders of discourse, discourse becomes invested ideologically. Through being ideologically invested, discourse is a mode of producing, reproducing or transforming social identities, social relations, and systems of knowledge and belief.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fairclough (1992) makes three claims about ideology, based in part on the French Marxist philosopher, Althusser: Ideology has a material basis in the social practices of institutions. As a form of social practice, discourse practices are material forms of ideology. Ideology interpellates subjects. It works by constituting people as subjects within the framework of ideology. Patriarchal ideology interpellates individuals as more powerful men or less powerful women. Racist ideology interpellates groups as ourselves and the Other (see Hall 1997 The Spectacle of the Other). Ideology operates through powerful ideological state apparatuses. Althusser contrasts what he terms the repressive agencies of the police, the military, prisons and the courts, with the ideological state apparatuses of the mass media, education and popular culture. In Faircloughs theory, all of these give rise to institutional and societal orders of discourse (the societal order of discourse is a condensation of the institutional orders of discourse). 2.4.2   Fairclough and Discourse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discourse involves two kinds of social conditions:  social conditions of production and social conditions of interpretation.  These social conditions are naturalized through the ideological functioning of the practices of dominant class. Fairclough describes underlying conventions of discourse which in fact determines discourse in terms of what Foucault refers to as orders of discourse. To Fairclough, these orders of discourse embody particular ideologies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fairclough refers to the three dimensions of discourse. They are discursive practice (discourse practice), social practice (socio-cultural practice), and text. Social practice  includes discourse which not only reflects reality, but also effect social structures which play active role in social change. Different subject positions determine different discoursal rights and obligations of individuals. Discourse practice  refers to the production and reception of messages. Participants indulged in discourse construct their social identities and relations by knowing how to act in certain situations. For this participants draw on what Fairclough refers to as members resources (MR). This include internalized knowledge of social structure and social practices; knowledge about production and interpretation of discourse types; and detailed knowledge of particular linguistics and textual structuring devices. Text  is the record of a communicative event. It can be written, spoken or visual. While analyzing text in terms of ideologies embedded in it, two things are very important: firstly, representation of ideological facts and beliefs and construction of participant identities (writer and reader), and secondly, textual function which frames the message. 3.How Ideologies are Embedded in Language     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Language produces, maintains and changes social relations of power. It also contributes to the domination of some people by others. Power is exercised through language in conversations and other forms of text or talk. When people interact linguistically, the conventional talk embodies common sense assumptions where power structures are treated as legitimized. According to Fairclough, these assumptions are ideologies which are closely linked to power and language. Power relations determine the conventional ideological assumptions, which in turn legitimize existing social relations and unequal power. Language, a social behavior, relies on common sense assumptions. The exercise of power in modern society is increasingly achieved through ideology, and more particularly through the ideological working of the language. (Fairclough, 1989) Further he says, Ideology is the prime means of manufacturing consent.   3.1   Memory Resources   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ideological assumptions are mere common sense  assumptions, and contribute to sustain existing power relations. To Fairclough, these common sense assumptions are memory resources (MR). when sender encodes a message, the receiver not only decodes it, but also interpret it by comparing and contrasting features of utterances with representations stored in long term memory. Fairclough refers to these prototypes as member resources: grammatical forms, structures, shapes of words, sequence of events, systems of meaning, sounds, etc. Interaction between interpreted utterance and MR results in comprehension. According to Fairclough, understanding how language, power, and ideology are interrelated requires attention to the processes of production and comprehension because MR/ representations/ prototypes are socially determined and ideologically shaped. They are so automatic, natural, legitimate and common sense assumptions that they remain in disguise. The sociologist Harold Garfinkel, describes the familiar common sense world of everyday life as a world which is built entirely upon assumptions and expectations which control both the action of members of society and their interpretation of the action of others. Such assumptions and expectations are implicit, back grounded, taken for granted, not things that people are consciously aware of and rarely explicit. Effectiveness of ideology depends to a considerable degree on it being merged with this common sense background to discourse and other forms of social action.   3.2   Language Ideologies in Text   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Language ideologies are not just ways of explaining language and language use for economic reasons, but are the language ideas of the dominant groups in society. They may equally be inter-changed with discourses about language. Ideologies are not untrue indeed, like stereotypes, there may be a degree of truth in them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ideology is to study its effects on discourse forms and meanings and how discursive structures may in turn contribute to the formation and transformation of ideologies. However, ideologies are also at play when language users engage in the ongoing construction of context as subjective, as well as group sensitive, interpretations of social situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While talking about ideologies embedded in text, we can say that this genre of discourse is a level of language use which is super-ordinate to sentences and texts. Text is not something having a beginning and an end. It involves exchange of meanings. Text are created by speakers and writers who share societys beliefs concerning what is right and what is wrong or about the way things should be for the best in society. When they want to maintain their belief systems or ideologies, they take the help of language. These ideologies remain implicit in the text as they seem natural or common sense. The ideologically loaded language of the text grants it the ideological power. Such langue has judgmental value and meaning as well. Many ideologically loaded words have their judgemental value because their meaning is rational. They exist as binary pairs: master/mistress, housewife/working mother, middle class/working class, freedom fighter/terrorist, hero/coward, etc. So me linguists maintain that all language all meaning is an ideological construct.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following are few texts which are all related to social problems for one and social beliefs for the other. In other words, they contain social ideologies which are neutralized in the society.   CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Long-range social changes are driven by changes in ideology. But at a local level, change in actual discourse practices can be cumulative in effect. Both discourse and ideology are based on the relationship between power and knowledge. We tend to think of knowledge as empowering ourselves (Sarup, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Besides this, knowledge is the ability to exercise power over others. So, power is both positive (productive in creating identities), and negative (destroy identities). In productive power, one is not reduced to one dimension as in ideologies and power is not held by one person or group for good. Rather, it exists as a circuit, something which is exercised by everyone in different situations. As where there is power there is always resistance, power can be challenged.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We might not say certain things in certain situations, but by breaking the rules, we can re-define the limits of discourse. Hence, redefining the limits of discourse is something  productive about power.